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[Music]

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[Applause]

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so I only started working on this topic

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recently so this talk will mainly be

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based on some previous studies and also

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our recent experimental work and I want

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to firstly classify the life elements by

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into two categories first is that the

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the molecules that build their life

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which include the nutrients salinity

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biomolecules and about functional metals

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and then these these molecules to build

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build the life and another category is

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the metabolism substrates which can

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provide energy for the life - for the

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metabolism of the life which included

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the gases in organics and organics and

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manero's so in this talk I will mainly

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be focus on the these compounds and also

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the geologically abandon their manners

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so because the same of this session and

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also madhawk is about the surface

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absorption so I want to first leave

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emphasized the importance of the

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surfaces option to you and the first one

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is to protect the biomolecules against

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the harsh environments on the early

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Earth or other planets for example here

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this study shows the degradation of the

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DA without the manual and with mineral

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so from this figure you can see that is

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it is quite obvious that the complex

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ition between the clay mineral and also

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ta can help preserve the ta against the

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damage of the UV radiation so this is

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the very relevant with the early Earth's

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environment because there's no ozone and

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the UV radiation will be very harsh for

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the early life and the the second

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importance is to concentrate and

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polymerize the biomolecules on the

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surface of the

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manners in this example the the people

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used numerical simulations mechanical

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quantum simulations to study the

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adoption of the peptide and amino acid

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on to the double layer hydroxide

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manero's and the results is quite

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interesting but difficult to show but

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this illustration shows the basic

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conclusion of the study is that the

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adoption will redistribute the charge of

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the charge of the amino acid and

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activates the carboxyl group in order to

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facilitate the count the polymerization

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of the amino acid and the more

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interesting is that the after the

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polymerization the complexity and

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strengths of the peptide onto the

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mineral surface changed and it will

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allow the removal of the peptide after

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the after the polymerization which is

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very important for the early complexity

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of the life and they are also other

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important the effects of the surface

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absorption for example here in this

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example the the people studied the

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reduction of the carbon dioxide with the

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chromium oxide all without chromium

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oxide you can see that when you add the

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chromium oxide it kind of facilities the

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reaction quite rapidly so which will

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which will reduce the carbon dioxide the

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for the early for the earlier synthesize

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and in this example people studied the

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the weathering of the basalt without

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with organic or ligand and although

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without organic ligand you can see that

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with organic elegant probably by the

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surface complex ition the release of the

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phosphorus and the copper is a is quite

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significant compared with without the

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so the surface complex Asian reaction

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involves several important processes

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including the speciation of the surface

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sites and also of solvents and also the

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sites are solving the complex system

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reaction for example this reaction and

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also the electrostatic interaction so

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all these processes are affected by a

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lot of different Prem factors including

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the type of the mineral surface the

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travel the travel of the adsorbent and

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also an extremes pH salinity and

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temperature and pressure among these

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factors all these all these factors

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except temperature and pressure are

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studied again again but the temperature

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and the pressure are not so well another

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well understood yet so that's why I want

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to focus on this study and the the

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another reason is that the temperature

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and pressure condition on the early

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Earth show that there's a large gradient

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of the temperature from the hydrothermal

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fluid which can reach up to 400 degree C

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and the surface temperature which is

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very controversial the studies showing

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that media is below 0 degree C or is a

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less than 1 her degree C and and and

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there are also a large large gradient of

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the pressure from less than 1,000 bars

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to about wine bar so this large increase

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this starts gradient of the temperature

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and the pressure showing that the

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composition under this large Rodina is

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critical for the habitability of the

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early Earth

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so here's one example of the assumption

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of the gas on to the mineral surface the

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x-axis is the pressure and y-axis is the

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the amount of the gas absorbed and this

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shows also three temperature cases you

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can see that with the same pressure

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increasing temperature will release

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the gas from the surface which is very

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easy to understand is that the

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increasing temperature will activate the

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the will make the gas more active more

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more active and will remove from the

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manual surface and the increasing

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pressure will greatly increase the

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adoption that's because the the surface

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adoption of the gas is a it's a volume

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decrease process and the increasing

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pressure will increase the adoption and

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this is the study about the adoption of

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the zinc onto the grow tide other words

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temperatures between 10 degrees C and a

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70 degree C and a true pH the left is

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the more acidic and the right is more a

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clean you can see that in most cases

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increasing the temperature are quickly

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elevated the absorption of the zinc

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under the crew tide

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this is many because the absorption of

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the zinc onto the quartet is is taking

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energy so when you increase the

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temperature the the temperature increase

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will favor the adsorption equilibrium to

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favor more adoption and here is an

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another example about the absorption of

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the phosphate onto the colonize I can't

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find the it's it's quite a it's quite

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shocking that not so many people focus

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on this problem and I only found a very

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ancient idea about this about this

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program and but but apparently you can

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see from the 2 degree C to 40 degrees C

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increase in temperature will greatly

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elevate the absorption of the phosphate

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which has very important implications

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for the availability of the phosphates

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on the early Earth ocean or on the other

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and there are there are many compared

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with the you know organics there are not

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so many studies on the assumption of the

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organics here I showed just the several

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available pieces and this one studied

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the absorption of the Anani onto the

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graphite you can see that increasing the

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temperature from 30 degrees C to 60 will

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decrease the option of the Adhan II

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which may may be because of the the the

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the change of the pipe high interaction

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and also the hydrogen bond between the

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adenine and graphite surface there here

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is another study which investigated the

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absorption of the oxalic acid onto the

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rutile surface this is a very wide range

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of the temperature studied and also the

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very where the pH studied but there is

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no systematic change of the absorption

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related with the temperature change so

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so here's we also recently do some

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conducted some experiments to study the

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absorption of the nucleotides onto the

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non tonight so we basically put a mix

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some mineral suspension and also

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nucleotide the solution and then pulled

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into this very special tube which can

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injure or less than 100 degree C and

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also when when 1000 a bars and we see it

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and put it into the water put it into

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the reactor and use the water to

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increase the temperature and a pressure

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to the target values and then after 24

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hours we assume that it is in

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equilibrium and then we quench who the

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system and pull the get the tubes out

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and centrifuge is a sample and analyze

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it analyzed the supernational using the

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UV spectroscopy and called the

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and called the solution the

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concentration of the nicaya nucleotides

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after adoption so here's the result the

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x-axis is the equilibrium condition of

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the nucleotides after absorption and the

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Y is the the amount of the absorption of

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the nucleotides and you can see that

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with the with the temperature change

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from 25 degrees C to 70 degrees C and

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also pressure to 1 bar to 1 southern the

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bars there's no a big change of the

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absorption although there's maybe a

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slightly change of the sorption but

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given the large error bar maybe that's

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that's under the within the systematic

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uncertainty the previous result seems

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boring but when we add some like twist

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amount of transition metals for example

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zinc chloride into the system it showed

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very interesting results that the

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addition of the transition metals which

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is enriched in the modern hydrothermal

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fluid can quickly elevate the adsorption

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of the of the nucleotides onto the

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mineral surface which is very relevant

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with with the earlier with the early

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Earth system and also the modern

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exoplanets so here is a conclusion is

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that the temperature and the pressure

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affects quickly the surface absorption

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of the Left elements onto the mineral

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surface but please note that I didn't

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show any different a system may behave

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differently so there's no general rules

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proposed here so the these these results

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may have very important implications for

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the photo origin and the evolution of

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the life on the early Earth and also a

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so planets for example it may affect the

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the assembling of the the first to life

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by different you know the

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different the behavior of the of the

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Assumption of the materials onto the

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metal surface and there are different

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temperature and pressure conditions

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given that we propose hydrothermal

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system is my credo of their first life

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and also it will greatly affect the

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availability of the materials for the

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primitive life and also habitability of

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the other planets

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for example the phosphate the night and

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nitrate ammonium and also other as a

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software and also for example the

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absorption onto the metal surface may

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change the gas to the aqueous

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equilibrium reaction which is currently

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fully unknown and I think it's the worst

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to investigating in the future and so I

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want to acknowledge in finally my

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collaborators and colleagues and also my

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funny funny sources so thank you we have

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this is a very good question so we also

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investigated this phenomenon observe

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this phenomena in the Ameena conditions

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and also our collaborator also used on

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other transition metal davender Aron and

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also also showed this in Han elevating

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absorption phenomenon what do we think

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that there are several possible Magnum

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mechanisms firstly that the those option

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of the link which is very strong may

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change the surface charge of the mana

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reserve of the manual and another is

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that as option of the zinc can induce

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the surface precipitation of the padamu

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00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:34,340
link hydroxide which will change their

281
00:15:42,310 --> 00:15:38,210
surface property of the of the of zone

282
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of the clay and also they're probably

283
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the complex ition of the zinc with the

284
00:15:52,990 --> 00:15:48,280
nucleotide can also council affect this

285
00:15:55,870 --> 00:15:53,000
probe ma this process so I think always

286
00:15:59,890 --> 00:15:55,880
more we need to use some more advanced

287
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facility facility to to really know

288
00:16:10,270 --> 00:16:02,660
which mechanism is dominant or is a

289
00:16:11,250 --> 00:16:10,280
combination in fact well thank you thank